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The "Touch" Phenomenon

2008-05-14T09:33:00.000-07:00

More and more devices are following or joining the "touch" bandwagon. and of course iPods are no exception to this. The purpose of "touch" operations is to make the operation of that particular device that much easier... as if iPods need to be any easier to use. This brings me back to the point that is emphasised by the "touch" option. People are passively demanding everything to be faster and more efficient. Everything that we use needs to keep up with the fast pace at which society is moving. It is almost as if we function all that much better when everything is coming towards us at a fast pace. I mean if you have of a cellphone that can change tracks with just one shake of the phone, i guess "touch" technology was the next and most natural route for iPods to take. This further emphasises just ho impatient we have become. Devices are getting smaller with bigger memory and a whole lot faster and more efficient. A large number of these iPods are getting more and more affordable. But as much as a large number of iPods on the market today are easily affordable even on a student budget, I find that a lot of students still opt to purchase the more pricey iPods, all in the name of efficiency, style, memory and most importantly...if its the best iPod out there at that moment.

All in all, i believe that iPods are a fashion statement for a lot of people and this is aided to some degree by earphones. for some people it is just a means of staying in your own little bubble when you desperately need to block out the world, and for others iPods mean a whole lot more than just a means to listen to your favourite music at your own leisure. for example those who devote their entire blogs just for iPods. It tends to be rather scary when you type in "iPod cult" you actually get more than 20 responses. In this way for some people iPods have become some form of a fetish. For some listening to music via the iPod is just a means of getting through the day. It is a means of coping with certain daily activities that we would rather not participate in. However, with all of this said, we have to realise that there is a very thin line between just listening to your iPod and just being plain rude. There is a time and place for everything and some of us music and iPod lovers alike have to learn that iPods are not exempt from that common sense rule.

But i have to agree that iPods are truly a fantastic new media invention. they are multipurpose devices that easily fit in with everybody's personal preference. All this can be owed to the initial love that people have for music and technology alike and not to mention entertainment in general

2008-05-14T01:32:00.000-07:00

'Look up in the sky! Is it a bird?Is it a plane?Its Superman!' These words evoke imagery from our childhoods, and I'm sure we all remember the music that then followed. The same can be said for the sound track to our all time favourite movies, like the sound track to 'Titanic'.I've always been rather imaginative and growing up with the culture of television watching, music has always been associated with particular imagery or rather the other way around. By simply hearing the particular theme song for a programme or movie I am able to then remember the programme.Themes that stick out in my head include that of 'Pumpkin Patch' and 'Kideo' (I'm really showing my age here!), my favourites when i was growing up. The question then is if these programmes would have been so successful without the accompanying music? I know this might sound silly, but until recently I never quite enjoyed a song before i saw the video.I guess a lot of other people are like me or channels like MTV would not be as popular-my favourite channel by the way.Image and sound go together and compliment each other, it is with this realisation that music videos are so important to artists; you have not really made it until you have a music video out. Music is not only important in this respect, but also in film.Can one truly pull off a whole film, short or otherwise, without music? I doubt it. It is essential to the whole meaning making process, and adds to the nonverbal meaning making elements of a film.

Do like the Cockroach

2008-05-13T21:52:00.000-07:00

The cockroach is one of the oldest species in the world, dating back to the times when dinosaurs walked the face of the earth, it has defied extinction, how? The answer is an easy one, it was able to adapt itself and survive through out the ages. The key characteristic of new media is one's ability to keep up , keep abreast and adapt oneself to its development. The advancing of technology bring forth many new and interesting forms of media, which are said to make our lives easier as consumers.These however, like anything in life, do present a flip side, they come with new challenges. This is a broad and encompassing statement, to narrow the focus I will be referring to the impact new media has on music. The progression from analogue to digital as far as prerecorded music is concerned brought about a huge improvement in its quality, out were the Lp's and tapes and in were compact discs.Music lovers were gratified by this new technology, but there was another side to the coin, Cd's were much more expensive and were easily damaged. Then came ipods and storage devices that can be plugged to audio machines ranging from home theatre systems to car stereos, which allowed individuals to download and share music from the Internet and amongst each other. This is all well and good for the consumer who can now own music without paying so much as a cent, through some illegal sites and music sharing. The flip to this however is almost devastating for musicians and music as a form of entertainment, unless it does like the roach and adapt its self to this new climate. The how might prove to be complicated, but what isn't at its inception? A new strategy has to be adapted by all production and distribution companies where some music is only available by down load from reputable sites, where the artists can receive all their royalties.

The Medium IS the Message

2008-05-05T22:29:00.000-07:00

Music is far reaching and has an immense amount of impact on individuals in our global village, it is not only a means of entertainment but also a strong communicative tool, if utilized properly can be very useful. The reason why music is such a good way to relay messages is because it has the ability to not only attain, but retain one's attention whilst entertaining them. Proof of this can be seen in all societies where nursery rhymes are taught to children as the first step to the learning process; the alphabet is taught using a given tune- therefore making it easier for the child to learn and remember. Some scholars even, use music to remember their work for assessments by adding a tune to the given material. Having this much power at their disposal, one would then think that the material that artists and producers choose to produce would be of some substance. One would imagine the lyrics to be rich and meaningful? This is not the case! The content found in most modern day popular music is mostly of an offensive and derogatory nature, where sexual connotations are always implied and the abuse of alcohol, unruly behaviour and offensive language is encouraged. What then, is the message that these artist want to render to the public especially to our youth? We live in a society where there is no message, where the medium is the message. The engaging beat and rhythm of the song are the only things worth any notice. I have heard many er occasions where older and seemingly respectable individuals listening to inappropriate music and when i ask them why they would listen to such garbage, their simple response would be that it is not the lyrics they like, just the instrumentals! The sad reality is that immature audiences will not only listen but also emulate some of the implied behaviour. What then is the solution to this crisis? How do we control and censor what gets put out for consumption? Search me...........

Music and Identity

2008-05-04T08:10:00.000-07:00

Youth and popular culture are mainly signified by the popular genres of music of the day. These range from culture to culture and from society to society. Musicians are seen as idols by many young people, who are more impressionable and easily swayed. They then copy their dress sense and even mannerisms depending on their maturity level. Looking at our own society, in the 1980's black young people were influenced by the likes of Brenda Fassie and Macy Phakela. This saw a wave of youth starting to wear the takkies and 'bang bang' jeans that these musicians always wore, they became fashion icons and the kind of clothing they spotted became very popular. With the amount of clothing artists wear decrease by the day, what does this spell out for future youths and their dress sense?

One can be presumptuous and then assume that even the clothing industry is to a certain degree determined, or rather influenced, by the artists who sell music, therefore implying that fashion is influenced by music. At the time when i was about ten, one of the most popular South African groups was 'Boom Shaka', this saw a rapid wave of young girls wanting to dress and look like Lebo Mathosa and Thembi Seete- the leading ladies of the group. We tried to copy their hair styles, braids at the time, and some were even brave enough to try and pull off their skimpy/ unconventional dress sense ( if their parents allowed it!). We didn't only want to look like them, but tried dancing like them as well; this not being very popular with our parents. For those who do not know, their dancing was provocative and left very little to the imagination. With globalisation and digitisation however, young people almost never look to South African artists for inspiration, but tend to prefer international artists. This having being made much easier with channels like MTV and Channel O, to name but a few. The youth now look at the latest trends American artists employ, the latest Beyonce or Chris Brown look are what you need to master in order to be seen as 'cool'.

This however,is not to say that American music and artists didn't have an impact on young people before the days of DSTV- hardly so. One could not have missed the influx of 'niggas' (pardon the language) that came in the early 1990's. Boys and even men were obsessed with not only looking, but dressing, talking and even walking like 2PAC and Snoop Dog! What i am saying however is that SA artists still featured to some extent. The question therefore is, has globalisation swallowed our own sense of identity?

Music- Does our world exist without it?

2008-04-28T22:57:00.000-07:00

This may be argued but music is the cornerstone of all forms of modern day entertainment. A world without notes, tunes or tracks is simply unphantomnable! What would people do to kerb boredom? What would the word 'fun' encompass outside of music? Music is one of those phenomenas which one cannot ignore or exist without. This may be going out on a limb, but I consider music to be a language on its own- almost like sign language! Whether it be in the form of popular or high culture, it is constantly integrated into our lives- from the opera, to a night-club and even the church. Music has evolved with technology, from the primitive gramophone to the latest Ipods, digital television channels; who are dedicated to the broad caste of different genres of music to the latest cell phones; who's appeal to the youth culture is mainly through the amount of music it can store. All these technologies are almost solely dependent on music, and manufacturers then utilise this knowledge, thus the popularity of cellphones and more recently Ipods. Music creates a kind of solidarity for certain groups in society, where individuals can relate to each other by the kind of music that appeals to them. The technological advancements of music however do create a divide in societies, where individuals who can afford the new and expensive mediums can be at an advantage, and those who cannot are simply left out in the cold. What needs to be understood however is that it is not the actual message-music- which creates this divide, but the mediums it is delivered under- Ipods and cellphones.Traces of music can be found in the soundtracks of some of the best films and features in history, dating back to the silent era. Music whether diagetic or not adds to the quality of films, where a director can demonstrate a certain emotion or impending actions through non verbal means, namely music. In short, music is the soul of our modern day existence.

The Crazy World of iPods...

2008-04-13T07:09:00.000-07:00

It's trully amazing how you can type in "iPod cult" and actually get a response. This just goes to prove that iPods have become a way of life and have become more than just mere technology...

Anything From Music to Videos to Movies

2008-04-13T06:29:00.000-07:00

iPods are multipurpose devices in the sense that they are not only auditory but also visual to the extent that they don't only cater for the downloading of music, but also to the downloading of movies. With the invention of DVDs this meant that people didn't really have that much of an incentive to book a ticket to go to the cinema in order to enjoy a movie. This further increased the number of people watching movies on their laptops. An event which was known for bringing people together in a public sphere shrinked to bringing people together in homes and in a more private sphere. Further yet, the already smaller sphere was still to become even smaller. More and more people were watching movies on their laptops which is a more personal and an individual activity. Now that movies can be downloaded on iPods it just further emphasises the decreasing viewership in terms of individual viewing of movies on their personal iPods. With this comes the potential for a decrease in the number of people who make an effort to go to the cinema. Going to the cinema is no longer a phenomenon but rather it is slowly becoming a "thing of the past." The appreciation of the cinema is slowly on the decrease and the phenomenon of downloading is on the frightening increase. With having recently heard that Timbaland is planning on taking out a CD that is only to be downloaded instead of being bought at music stores, only emphasises the decrease of buying CDs. But I must commend Timbaland on his ability to cover all his bases. This is certainly something other artists can take a look at because it just goes to show that downloading is certain to be around for a long time to come. Vidoes fall under this category. All sorts of videos are just as easily downloadable as music is and this proves that iPods are an excellent example of devices with a variety of entertainment just at a click of a button.

The iPod (and earphones) As A Tool of Image Formation

2008-04-10T00:43:00.000-07:00

An approving audience is incredibly powerful and this goes for any situation. In the case of iPods, I really think its safe to say that iPods are an instrument that can be used to portray a certain image and this image portrayed is further brought to life with the use of earphones. It's funny that we know the extent to which earphones have the potential to damage our hearing, but those warnings don't seem to make enough of an impact to actually have people adhere to the warnings. But I guess when you are bombarded daily with warnings of potential death through use of other things, a slight scare of potential deafness doesn't quite rate as high on the scale of 1-10. The more harm we stand to inflict on ourselves, the louder the volume goes and the better designed the earphones become just so they can better fit the ear. Earphones nowadays have been specifically designed to fit snugly INSIDE your ear. I mean some designs are just pure invention on their own. So basically the earphone is sitting in or at least close enough to your ear canal and not to mention a whole lot closer to your endangered eardrum- talk about increasing danger. But at least one thing is guaranteed; you don't have to worry about your image and having these earphones fall out of ear because your ear is too small while walking in public and looking the part. Another reason why I say earphones are all about the image is because all too often you find people who simply put earphones on just for the sake of it even when there is no music. This just further emphasises that it's alla bout looking the part really. This does however lead to the point (which is bound to arise) of when does this become rude or inconsiderate? Personally when I'm trying to talk to you and you have your earphones in your ear yet still insist that you are listening to what I'm saying, while repeatedly going huh...huh after every word you've lip read- now that is just being plain rude. You might as well say; "I don't really want to talk to you right now." I can almost guarantee you it will make your life a whole lot easier and your listening will be a whole lot more enjoyable without unnecessary distractions that you can obviously do without. Apart from a personal level, I find it harder to understand why a person decides to go to a lecture for example and better yet sits throughout the whole lecture with their earphones in their ear and then spend even more energy to pretend to be listening and trynig to hide their earphone use from the lecturer.
Personally though, on a more lighter note, I have absolutely nothing against earphones. In fact I love them, they are great. They are the perfect way to block out the world when you absolutely have to. My only thing is that people must just know the place and time for the use of earphones as goes for everything else.

iPods...Great!...Or Are They Really???

2008-04-09T02:51:00.000-07:00

As much as iPods appear to be our answered prayers in terms of the latest new media technology, there are some issues that do arise with them and tend to place a rather potentially negative spin on things. Ultimately the only way to enjoy this luxury of the iPods you have to integrate the issue of downloading. this is yet another fantastic invention but with it comes problems. Problems such as "theft" of the property of others-mainly artists. Buying a CD is the last option on anyones' mind. It's almost a rare sighting to see people making their way to a music store with the intend of actually leaving with a purchased item. In fact it's come to a point where buying a CD is just unnecessary. The people who benefit the most from the downloading of material onto iPods are the down loaders, the people behind the downloading sites and of course the iPod manufacturers. All that's required of you is buying the iPod and the rest is considered free. To think that CDs are just yesterdays inventions and already they can be said to not be as appealing as they used to be. Downloading is definitely a whole lot friendlier on our already half empty pockets. There is just no comparison between buying and downloading. There is however a question that does arise out of all this; where does this leave all those artists who spent time creating a full album only to have parts of it removed without having to pay for it? It is rather unfair and disadvantageous to the artists. A large number of the songs on their album don't even begin to receive the recognition they deserve. Most of the songs you find on iPods are songs that get frequent airplay. Not too many people have the time to listen through track after track of unknown or unpopular songs. Whatever is currently being praised by every radio DJ is most likely to be played loudest through almost every earpiece there is. At least with international artists, their CDs are priced over R100 to begin with, but what about our local artists who CDs barely make it to R99 in most instances? The artists no longer matter and all the focus is on the consumer and the next best way to access more songs free of charge.

Your World....The iPod World

2008-04-05T04:23:00.000-07:00

iPods are essentially your music, your choice, anytime,anywhere....your way! iPods have become a part of everyday life. So much so that they have become a means of simply getting through the day. They are a sure way of ensuring that you remain in your own little bubble of a world, despite actually being amongst other people. All too often, I've seen almost everyone walk around campus almost oblivious to their surroundings-why is this you may ask. This is because of iPods of course.. They have become so integrated in our lives that you see most people actually come into a lecture, readily armed with earphones in ear. You expect these to be switched off at some time during the course of the lecture but of course we should know that that is highly unlikely. Not quite sure if this can be called miraculous multitasking or just a way of rewarding oneself for actually having gotten up to attend the lecture in the first place. This kind of addiction (if i can say that without stepping on any toes) to these devices can however be owed to the original love that people have for music. Music is to blame for these phenomenons that pop up like mushrooms on a frequent basis. Music is one form of entertainment that does not require enjoyment within a group context. It is just as if not more enjoyable by yourself. iPods merely emphasise this by allowing you to take your music everywhere you go. iPods can be summed up as being the best thing...next to the cellphone of course. If you have your iPod and your cellphone what more do you need to complete your day a well as get through it without feeling the full hustle and bustle of a full day???

Posted by Ntokozo Mntambo

Lights, Camera, Sound....! Cinematography and CGI

2008-03-27T04:34:00.000-07:00

Computer generated imagery and computer graphics have changed cinematography, lights and even locations of filmmaking. From Edison's stills, Griffiths still camera and Classic Hollywood's rigid conventions, the use of the camera and editing have become dependent on the use of computer-generated imagery and locations inorder to keep above competition and satisfy audiences with a cinema release that is cutting edge and thrilling just by watching it. The camera itself has become a character and the editing is done in such a manner that you are either totally aware you are watching a movie or the changes happen so swiftly that the movie seems like one very long sequence and cut is only shouted at the end. This use of CGI and computer special effects is mostly used in Sci-Fi, Thrillers,Horrors and the combination of animation in any of these genre's.

In 1902, George Melies experimented with special effects, starting a cinema that led to today's 'Star Wars', 'Spiderman', 'Star Dust', the 'Saw' movies, and such. with his movie 'A trip to the moon'. So the use of special effects is not something new but rather extended and evolved with the introduction of computer-generated imagery to something more than phenomenal. I believe that to some extent audiences themselves have become somewhat too used to the ordinary special effects and are only pleased to watch '300', 'Harry Potter' and 'Sin City'.

What has changed so much is the fact that the locations being used in these computer generated productions are not as real as they look in the movie, nor are the soldiers of '300' real extras being used but rather multiplied computer images of the the real actors. This goes back to the question in 'Look at it this way,' is the constructed reality of cinema even more un-real, and if cinema shapes so much of our ideologies how superficially artificial are our lives? I'll look at these answers later but for now I'll continue looking at the cinematography and editing of 21st century cinema.

'Saw 4' had the most incredible editing, well I thought. And I can justify my saying so by pointing out to you the way in which one scene changed to the next. The director did not use the conventional dissolves, fades and cuts, but rather at the change of a scene whichever character is part of the next scene, steps out of the current scene into a different scene, and the film continues as if nothing happened and the characters in that following scene were only waiting for the camera to recognise his/her presence.This is only an example of how editing has developed and changed, how its conventions have been broken and developed and what possibilities are available with the right computer programme.

The slow panning camera, dollying in/out, overheads and cranes have been taken to new heights. 'The Bourne Ultimatum' is one of the ultimate examples of advanced cinematography. The camera is Jason Bourne's 'alter-ego'. It moves with him, even faster than he at times, it takes us above and beyond what we are conventionally used to. It's fast,competitive and unpredictable and definately not waiting on the director's instructions, so it seems. The Bourne Ultinatum is a professional cinematographer's dream and an amateur's nightmare as even critics are not shy to admit to its brilliance.

Some of us see film as a representational meduim that takes us from one location to the next, one way of life to the other, many different views of the same themes and topics. What I would view as not so positive about this amazing technology..., not that I would want things otherwise,... is the unmistakable fact that lacations are superimpositions of the real and thus as real as it may seem there is still that element of beauty in the authentic and if this goes on it obviously means that travelling through the eye of the camera will become non-existent to some extent; Hiring out of locations will become something of the past just as it gains strength and film manufacturing will be completely computer based to such an extent that it won't be what the camera is doing anymore but rather how well the computer technology manages to convince you...

Merging the real with animation...!

2008-03-26T05:26:00.000-07:00

If you have watched movies like 'Neverending Story', 'Lord of the Rings', 'Enchanted' and many more others including 'The Transformers' you would notice the incredible merge of two completely different trends creating fascinating filmmaking as allowed by the new media. The time when the assumption was that animation alone can create magic and manifest it in its visual world has passed, as now that same magic can exist in real world film. Take 'Enchanted' for example, a classic Disney animation story brought to life in a real world with real characters where the characters find magic in a world that is not fairytale land. From this I choose to understand that with advancing computer software, the change from traditional to more experimental digital filmmaking is pre-eminent. Why not take the risk of reaching great heights with the tool of new media, reaching two audiences at once, keeping both traditions alive within the other, upgraded to computer-generated filmmaking and animation? But then again, is it still just animation, and/or is it still just real world film? 'Beowulf' deepens the debate yet leaves this question unanswered. This film takes you into a world where you're uncertain of whether the characters will become fully human or remain animated or not, you keep guessing while enjoying the thrilling action of this wonderful experience of digitization.

With this in mind is there still room for hand-drawn animation in cinema today? None that I can justify, because the generation of today is fully saturated with computer animation that no other kind before this can be as amazing as pencil animation was to the former generation, who themselves have yielded their love for the old with a yearning of the new.

Why is that may be your question? Well my answer is that the world itself functions with computers thus cinema audiences are only impressed to see fresh ways of making films because this challenges them into a fresh way of watching their films. And with this new way they can watch and enjoy both interests in cinema with one film with an even greater challenge of not appreciating one above the other. "The Golden Compass' is another of these mergers and successfully so, as it took the Oscar for Best Visual Effects. The animals became more than animated but were real, completely crossing the thin line that existed from traditional animation to something even beyond real only possible with computer production. How far beyond have computers changed the world of animation in this merger? As far as it being the underlying concept of any magic that exists in the real world.

Popeye the sailor; Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny, what follows?...

2008-03-26T04:03:00.000-07:00

As a child born in the twentieth century, I surely know that much has changed in terms of animation. The days of watching your favourite cartoon character exaggerate every action and take a few moments to look how far up the sky they are before looking into the camera, letting you indentify yourself with what is about to happen, then, as if gravity has just woken from a deep sleep, you see them fall with a sharp scream to the earth below! And you can't but laugh as they pour out tears that form streams in the desert lands, as their pencil drawn bodies change form whichever way will prove to you their current emotion and/ or direction, and as the soundtrack highlights both what is happenning and your reaction to it. Every image as you watched came to life from a piece of paper scanned onto the screen yet drew you into a world where you too could exist., the characters acknowledged your presence on the other side of the screen and you so identified with them, fully understood them that Bugs bunny's tricks were your forte' and you kept shouting 'watch out!' when Mister Maggoo approached a lamp post.

But now those days have been replaced by fast pace, high-tech sound, strong narrative, real life character animation made possible by the digital era. Disney took cinema animation to its height especially with the Pixar partnership with Warner Bros, Dreamworks and 20th Century Fox heating up the competition. Releasing animation films like 'Chicken Little', 'Meet the Robinsons', 'Cars', 'A Bugs' Life', 'The Incredibles'; and from the competition, Warner Bros who themselves are doing a fantastic job with computer animation, 'The Ant Bully' and 'Happy Feet 'with Dreamworks 'Shrek 1,2 and the third', 'Madagascar' and 'Shark Tale' making us laugh.

Before animation was purely for the children but now couples join hands as they walk into a 'Shrek' movie, friends chatting into 'Happy feet' and kids always expectant for another 'Toy Story' that will take them "to infinity and beyond." And that is exactly what digital animation is doing to cinema animation, taking it from glory to glory! However, the pencil still lives on in the hearts of those who knew the 'Mickey and Minnie Mouse', 'Goofy' and 'Woody Woodpecker' of old. And for this reason it shall never die out as even Disney chooses to keep this legendary foundation of animation strong within the existing computer animation platform. My favourite animation films in the year 2007 was ofcourse 'Ratatoulle' and 'Meet the Robinsons' who took us through the world of the future, I absolutely loved it. Though they used real characters, space and characteristics, in 'Ratatouille', the mice were still to me fascinating in that they could adopt human characteristics yet you were constantly aware that they were mice. Even the humans in the movie behaved somewhat cartoonish in that they would completely sag when feeling down. The scene where Remy jumps out of the old lady's kitchen window, then freezes for a moment and gives you time to reminisce the days of old, then suddenly he falls out with a scream!!!, was to me the climax of it being an animation film!

Look at it this way...

2008-03-13T14:18:00.000-07:00

From the documentative mode of filmmaking to Hollywood narrative, film has come a long way and has a long way still to go. New techno-computer advancements are playing not only a catalist role but a producing role in today's filmmaking.

Gone are the days when reality was real, atleast in front of the camera; understanding ofcourse that even that reality was a constructed one unless it be a documentary. Before film consisted of capturing the moving image, narrative and building an institution that existed entirely around audience entertainment. Digital image production has led to the production of virtually created characters and locations, making the very world of the movie non-diegetic. Science fiction movies and digital animation have experienced much with digital image production. It is a great way of filmmaking but then you wonder, where does the real world exist when everything is computer produced? When even constructed reality is re-constructed?

But look at it this way, we go to cinema for escapism, entertainment and to challenge our existing ideologies. That is exactly what cinema does for us today, only we don't merely sit and watch, actively engaging in the world of the film, but we become inhabitants of that world. We form part of the narrative, we go to the lcations and we go out of the cinema having experienced the movie as opposed to just watched it.

Nickelodeons in museums, and cinemas'?

2008-03-13T13:36:00.000-07:00

One of the most famous film technologies of the 20th century, was the Nickelodeon. Famously nicknamed after peep-shows merely because you spent 5minutes watching a film with one eye. This short feature film consisted of a number of stills moving at extreme pace. Just when you start enjoying your movie, it was already time for the next person to watch but it still "did for the eye what the phonograph did for the ear."[History of Edison Motion Pictures]

Certainly this must have been satisfactory for an audience that did not have cinema houses like we do now. So from one-eye-individual watching to full house crowds, films have developed into a social activity that not only represented the world in motion but entertained; challenged society; influenced relationships, ideas, lifestyles and much more.

Now Nickelodeons are artifects while cinema houses expand, but how long will it last? Technology allowed the existence of Nickelodeon peep-shows and ended it, and now is allowing more than just cinema houses, but computers, buses, airplanes, homes and even cellphones have become the new venue for film watching. With that shaping culture and the way films are watched and made.